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The Treasure of the Western Ghats: International Day for Biosphere Reserves

Writer's picture: CRIAAS NashikCRIAAS Nashik

Puja Kumari : M.A (Fine) Museology (Maharaja Sayajirao University, Baroda)


Biosphere reserves are vital protected areas recognized globally by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). To qualify as a biosphere reserve, an area must hold global or regional importance for biological conservation, include one or more core zones that are free from human interference, and have surrounding buffer zones where communities can sustainably use natural resources. The primary goal of biosphere reserves is to protect biological diversity while accommodating human settlement as a natural part of the landscape, distinguishing them from strictly protected areas like national parks.

Importance of the Day

The establishment of an international day for biosphere reserves serves to motivate leaders and decision-makers at all levels to prioritize environmental care. This day emphasizes the need for practices and systems of production and consumption that harmonize human activities with the conservation of natural resources, addressing global challenges related to climate, health, and environmental sustainability.


UNESCO Designation: Western Ghats

Date of Inscription: 2012

Older than the Himalayas, the Western Ghats mountain range boasts unique geomorphic features and vital ecological processes. This region significantly influences the Indian monsoon weather patterns and is recognized as one of the world's eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity. The area features high montane forest ecosystems that moderate the tropical climate and support an exceptionally rich array of flora and fauna. Notably, it is home to at least 325 globally threatened species, including plants, animals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish.


Annual Theme: "Biosphere Reserves: Resilient Ecosystems for Sustainable Development"

The current theme for the International Day for Biosphere Reserves highlights the essential role resilient ecosystems play in promoting sustainable development. This focus is especially relevant to the Western Ghats, which exemplify how sustainable practices can preserve biodiversity while supporting local communities. The theme encourages stakeholders to adopt adaptive management strategies that protect biodiversity and enhance the livelihoods of those living in the region.


Biodiversity and Conservation in the Western Ghats: An Ecological Treasure

The Western Ghats, stretching along the western coast of India, is renowned for its rich biodiversity and ecological importance. As a UNESCO World Heritage site, it is not only a hotspot for a variety of species but also a critical area for ecological research and conservation. The region's significance lies in its high biodiversity levels, remarkable endemism, and the urgent need for effective management strategies.


Biodiversity and Endemism

The Western Ghats are home to over 4,000 plant species, with approximately 650 being tree species. Remarkably, more than half of these tree species (about 352) are endemic to the region. The area also supports diverse animal life, including 31 mammal species, 15 bird species, and 43 amphibian species that are globally threatened. Iconic species such as the Asian elephant, gaur, and critically endangered lion-tailed macaque thrive here.


Key Biodiversity Data:

Fig.3 Graph representing key data
Fig.3 Graph representing key data

The Western Ghats' high levels of endemism can be traced back to its complex geological history, including the breakup of Gondwanaland and the subsequent isolation of the Indian subcontinent, fostering a unique and irreplaceable biodiversity.


Conservation Challenges

Despite its ecological significance, the Western Ghats face numerous challenges. Rapid urbanisation, agricultural expansion, and infrastructure development threaten its biodiversity. Habitat fragmentation from these activities has led to increased human-wildlife conflict and declining species populations. Climate change further exacerbates these issues, altering habitats and disrupting ecological processes.

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 325 species in the Western Ghats are globally threatened, underscoring the urgency for conservation. Additionally, invasive species pose a significant risk, competing with native flora and fauna.


Management and Protection

Managing the Western Ghats involves navigating a complex framework of governance and legal structures. The area consists of 39 protected components, including tiger reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries, all governed by laws like the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 and the Forest Conservation Act of 1980. However, nearly 40% of the region lies outside these formal protections, primarily in Reserved Forests that still need effective management.

The Western Ghats Natural Heritage Management Committee (WGNHMC) was established to coordinate conservation efforts across the four states that the mountain range traverses. This committee is crucial for integrating management strategies and fostering collaboration among local communities, government bodies, and conservation organizations. Community involvement is promoted through the Forest Rights Act (2006) and the establishment of Village Eco-development Committees (VECs), empowering local populations in governance and conservation initiatives.


Conclusion

The Western Ghats represent an ecological treasure that demands immediate and sustained conservation efforts. With its unparalleled biodiversity and high levels of endemism, this region exemplifies the intricate relationships within ecosystems. However, the challenges it faces are substantial, necessitating coordinated management approaches that integrate ecological, social, and economic factors. Through effective governance, legal protections, and community involvement, there is a significant opportunity to safeguard the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats for future generations.


Reference


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